Muses of Marylyn Monroe

What wonderful powers lead people to their fame and success? What or who can motivate and stimulate creativity and talent? Many years ago the antique authors found the answer to this question with developing the myth about the Muses who inspired artists and their teacher Apollo. Nevertheless, the secret of the enormous glory of the famous people was not solved because behind each talent is a unique destiny.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Muse’s of Marylyn Monroe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When today people speak about the most vivid cultural phenomena and extraordinary figures of the 20th century they always mention the name of Marilyn Monroe. This actress made a real revolution in the public’s minds of the 1950s years and became the forever legend of cinematography in spite of the fact her talents were not appreciated by critics. It is possible to say that her secret was in her extr eme charm and magic attraction because this woman always smiled and looked happy. However, her smile was the mask of her great loneliness, trying to avoid which Marilyn Monroe directed all her efforts to her career success. Thus, the loneliness and desire of recognition became Monroe’s main forces toward the fame, became her Muses which followed her since birth to death. Marilyn Monroe not only devoted her short and vivid life to art of cinematography and Apollo’s goddesses but also she herself became the goddess of the whole cultural era. While observing vibrant pictures in many magazines and colorful posters, it is difficult to imagine all that pain, loneliness, and misunderstanding which were common for Monroe’s everyday life since her early years. Norma Jeane Mortenson, later known as Marilyn Monroe, was born on June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles. Norma’s mother, Gladys, was an ordinary woman, and the father was unknown to the girl. The family suffered from poverty, but the real tragedy of little Norma Jeane was the mental illness of her mother. When Gladys was taken to hospital Norma Jeane began to change the orphanages and foster homes where she could not find the necessary love and support (â€Å"The Marilyn Monroe Biography†). Her character formed under the influence of difficult life conditions and the enormous feeling of loneliness. Norma Jeane was too young when she understood that she can trust only herself, â€Å"I learned also that the best way to keep out of trouble was by never complaining or asking for anything† (Spoto 123). Nevertheless, it seemed that Norma Jeane can get a chance to have a family when her mother’s friend Grace took her from the orphanage, but at the age of sixteen the girl had to look for new ways to cope with her difficult living conditions. Grace decided that the best variant for Norma Jeane could be marrying a good man. Jim Dougherty was considered as the best party for the girl.A dvertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Norma Jean got everything she wanted because now she had her own home, family, and the social status (Morgan). However, the feeling of loneliness did not disappear. Norma Jeane’s husband spent a lot of time abroad, and the young girl suffered from boredom. In 1944 Norma Jeane worked at factory, and she with other women from the factory was photographed for the promotion of the working woman’s image in the Army (Morgan). The girl’s interesting appearance attracted David Conover, one of the photographers. It was the start of Norma Jeane’s career as a model and the end of her marriage with Dougherty. Describing her marriage, she said that it â€Å"didn’t make me sad, but it didn’t make me happy either. My husband and I hardly spoke to each other† (Spoto 201). Moreover, the career of a model could gi ve her proving her beauty and the feeling of personal significance because the lack of it influenced the development of her many psychological problems and inner complexes (Leaming). Norma Jeane became a famous model who worked for such magazines as Life and Sir. This fact could become the highest top of her career, but in 1946 she signed the contract with Twentieth Century-Fox Studios. Norma Jeane’s first role in Scudda-Hoo! Scudda-Hay! was too small, but she was happy because this new life seemed to be unfamiliar and very interesting for her, full of surprises (Morgan). Moreover, it was the best way to gain the public’s recognition. To be ready for a successful career of an actress, Norma Jeane chooses the pseudonym ‘Marilyn Monroe’. Marilyn was sure that she could have the wonderful future because even when she worked as a model she tried to improve her appearance and prepared for the public’s attention. Thus, she was waiting for the recognition and praise and persistently tried to achieve it. It was very important for her to gain the status of a movie star (Leaming). In spite of the fact the contract with the studio was not extended, Marilyn continued to take the lessons in order to improve her actress’s skills. She stated: My illusions didn’t have anything to do with being a fine actress. I knew how third rate I was. I could actually feel my lack of talent, as if it were cheap clothes I was wearing inside. But, my God, how I wanted to learn, to change, to improve! (Spoto 209).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Muse’s of Marylyn Monroe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Monroe’s efforts and charm were noticed, and she got the role in Ladies of the Chorus (1948) in which she sang her first song. However, directors of the studios and the public did not consider her as a serious actress. Marilyn began to receive her first significant roles only in 1950. The movies were known as The Asphalt Jungle (1950) and Clash By Night (1952). Monroe’s acting attracted the critics’ attention, and in 1952 she also received the leading part in Don’t Bother to Knock. However, the film was not successful, and the leaders of the studios began to blame Monroe for her bad acting and the failure of the movie (Morgan). Marilyn thought that it was too injustice, and she was alone with her feelings and sufferings again. She noted that â€Å"creativity has got to start with humanity and when you’re a human being, you feel, you suffer† (Spoto 124). Nevertheless, her inner world was only her territory, and nobody could observe her real feelings. It was typical for her to combine the great optimism with disastrous depressions (Leaming). Marilyn found the way to avoid depressions caused by the enormous feeling of loneliness in love. It was necessary for her to feel the love of the public and of those men who were with her. That is why when she met Joe DiMaggio in 1952 she thought that this man could give her that love the lack of which Monroe felt since her early childhood living without her father. She said about DiMaggio, â€Å"he treated me like something special. Joe is a very decent man, and he makes other people feel decent, too!† (Spoto 126). Nevertheless, DiMaggio was not ready to share his wife with a lot of fans and dreamt about a loving housewife, but not a popular actress (Morgan). Marilyn also felt that her husband did not share her success in such movies as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), and Seven Year Itch (1954) (Morgan). When Marilyn began to achieve her goals and her dreams became true she did not feel the support of close people again. To overcome the attacks of depression, Marilyn began to study at Michael Chekhov’s classes. â€Å"As Michael’s pupil, I learned more about acting. I learned psycho logy, history, and the good manners of art – taste† (Barris 78). It was that place where she felt happy and significant, where she felt being a real actress. Her attempts to improve her acting, develop her inner world, and receive some necessary knowledge were motivated by her extreme desire to find herself as a person, to understand her real nature: I’m trying to find myself as a person, sometimes that’s not easy to do. Millions of people live their entire lives without finding themselves. But it is something I must do. The best way for me to find myself as a person is to prove to myself that I am an actress (Barris 137). Trying to find herself, Marilyn lost her husband, the marriage was broken as a result of DiMaggio and Monroe’s misunderstandings. When she had to choose between her career and marriage she chose the career, because she felt that love expressed by her public, and she did not feel the love of her husband who only wanted to change he r (Morgan).Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During this period Monroe think about the lack of serious roles in her career, she dreams to get a really significant role in an interesting movie. However, she has a definite reputation, and nobody discusses her acting seriously (Leaming). That is why Marilyn joined the Actors Studio in 1955 and began to take the lessons of Lee Strasberg, the famous drama coach. He was one of those few people who could see her talent and considered her as a gifted actress (Morgan). He said that she had â€Å"a luminous quality – a combination of wistfulness, radiance, yearning, that set her apart and yet made everyone wish to be part of it, to share in the childlike naà ¯vetà © which was at once so shy and yet so vibrant† (Barris 154). In spite of Michael Chekhov and Lee Strasberg’s praises and acknowledgements of Monroe’s talents, there always were critics who accentuated only the actress’s weaknesses. According to David Thomson, the American critic, Marilyn co uld not even say two lines at once, and he did not believe that Lee Strasberg really appraised her talents (Leaming). When Marilyn Monroe observed such commentaries she thought that the only way for her was to smile more openly, conceal her real feelings, and do as much as possible to develop her abilities. She was very dependent on the public’s vision of her acting (Morgan). High assessments stimulated her activity and gave her the optimistic state of mood when negative reactions caused her depressions and made her feeling lonely. Monroe could be touchy and sensitive, but she was never indifferent to the other people’s thoughts about her acting and personality. Marilyn also said that â€Å"it’s better for the whole world to know you, even as a sex star, than never to be known at all†, but at the same time she stated, â€Å"I want to be an artist, not an erotic freak. I don’t want to be sold to the public as a celluloid aphrodisical† (Spoto 128). The actress’s way to the Hollywood’s tops always depend not only on her drama talents but also on her appearance. Monroe’s appearance was so remarkable that it determined the special fashion style for the long period of time. Every woman dreamt to look like Marilyn, and every man dreamt about Marilyn. Monroe’s appearance was a result of her everyday hard work. First, Marilyn developed her image because of the desire to be loved by the public and attract its attention. Then her appearance became her main actor’s tool, and it was almost impossible to change the public’s perception of Marilyn as a beautiful doll (â€Å"The Marilyn Monroe Biography†). Nevertheless, in spite of different considerations about Monroe’s talents as an actress, there were very few people who did not admire her as a wonderful woman. Marilyn received the audience’s admiration which was her inner desire from the early years, but now she was not a young dreamful girl. She was a woman who wanted to be considered as a serious actress and, first of all, as a personality. Marilyn ironically noted, â€Å"I don’t want to make money. I just want to be wonderful† (Barris 130). When Monroe met Arthur Miller she was ready to create a real family with analyzing her previous unhappy experiences. Now Marilyn could even choose her family instead of her career successes. Marilyn thought she was happy in her marriage with Miller (Morgan). It seemed that her Muse of loneliness left her, and all her efforts were directed toward creating a lovely nest at home. Moreover, Monroe was pregnant and felt that now she could realize all her love. However, the atmosphere of happiness in Monroe’s family was not long. Marilyn’s pregnancy resulted in the miscarriage, and it was too difficult for her to overcome the following depression. That is why Monroe experienced the drug therapy and used a lot of tranquilizers as the par t of her psychotherapy (â€Å"The Marilyn Monroe Biography†). Her marriage with Arthur Miller was also broken because they were very different people. Marilyn did not receive the necessary support from her husband, and she had to cope with all her problems by herself. The Muse returned with Marilyn’s failures in the private life and stimulated her to act more and more vividly. Her talents developed greatly from Some Like It Hot (1958) to The Misfits (1961) (Morgan). However, the successes in her career could not give Marilyn satisfaction any more. Monroe understood that â€Å"it’s better to be unhappy alone than unhappy with someone†, but once her loneliness became so extreme that only drugs could help her cope with it (â€Å"The Marilyn Monroe Biography†). It was typical for Marilyn to feel guilty for almost everything including her imperfect behavior and acting. The only remedy for Marilyn’s depression could be the public’s praise. â€Å"I feel stronger if the people around me on the set love me, care for me, and hold good thoughts for me. It creates an aura of love, and I believe I can give a better performance† (Barris 29). Even her ex-husband Arthur Miller stated that, â€Å"to have survived, she would have had to be either more cynical or even further from reality than she was† (Spoto 139). Some people said that Hollywood was her single love, and it â€Å"broke her heart† (Thomas). The real peculiarities of Marilyn Monroe’s death in 1962 are still unknown. There are many versions of the tragedy including the possibilities of murdering and committing suicide (Morgan). Monroe’s absence of abilities to survive in the dangerous and cruel world of Hollywood led to her tragic demise. She always tried to become more beautiful, more talented, more perfect, but those people who were close to her rarely noticed her attempts and considered her aims not seriously. It seemed that Mari lyn Monroe’s talents flourished against the critique and mockeries, and her Muse developed on the base of her difficult inner world and private deep feelings. During all her life Monroe tried to get rid of the thought that she is worse than other people because there are so many great talented persons around her (â€Å"The Marilyn Monroe Biography†). Different famous people find their inspiration and their Muses in various things. The secret of Marilyn Monroe’s fame was in her inner tragedy and enormous loneliness. Marilyn did not feel the support of her mother and father in the childhood. She also did not feel the support of her husbands when she became the famous actress, and the public which now praises her comedian gift was not always so merciful to Monroe’s works. However, Marilyn always tried to find the powers and go with her head up, but one day in 1962 her lonely way ended. Works Cited Barris, George. Marilyn: Her Life in Her Own Words. USA: Cita del, 2001. Print. Leaming, Barbara. Marilyn Monroe. USA: Three Rivers Press, 2000. Print. Morgan, Michelle. Marilyn Monroe: Private and Undisclosed. USA: Carroll Graf, 2007. Print. Spoto, Donald. Marilyn Monroe: The Biography. USA: Cooper Square Press, 2001. Print. The Marilyn Monroe Biography. n.d. Web. Thomas, Michelle. Hello Again, Norma Jean. 18 Jul. 2006. Web. https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2006-07-18-0607170102-story.html This research paper on Muse’s of Marylyn Monroe was written and submitted by user Jaxon E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Affirmative Action; The Noble Concept Of Equal Opportunity

Affirmative action policy in professional and university atmospheres was first implemented by an initiative in the Department of Labor under the administration of Richard Nixon as to purposely create equal educational and employment opportunities. However, since its official establishment in 1969 and long before, affirmative action has increasingly become the subject of conflict and dispute in American culture. Though its intentions were noble, affirmative action has become a clouded issue surrounded by controversy. Even in 1969 affirmative action was nothing new, in 1954, when the Supreme Court ruled on Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas the African American community had legal restraints removed that had long kept them at a distinct disadvantage. Minorities had long been imposed to prejudice, especially from the greater white population. However the Brown decision failed to cease many white advantages and professional supremacies; â€Å"it merely allowed Blacks to enter the arena of competition,† (Greenberg 300).† The Brown decision only cracked the door of segregation of public facilities it did nothing to help minorities in the workplace. After the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964 minorities were no longer prohibited from the use of public facilities and job discrimination was no longer legally sanctioned. It became apparent that certain business traditions, such as seniority status and aptitude tests, prevented total equality in employme nt. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a major step in reducing de jure or law based discrimination but was unable to cease deep seeded de facto or actual discrimination in American society. The Civil Rights Act did not require employers to prove that any discriminatory policies were or were not used in the hiring of personnel, â€Å"Instead, the burden of proof was on the woman or minority group member who had been denied a particular job,† (Patterson 161). A... Free Essays on Affirmative Action; The Noble Concept Of Equal Opportunity Free Essays on Affirmative Action; The Noble Concept Of Equal Opportunity Affirmative action policy in professional and university atmospheres was first implemented by an initiative in the Department of Labor under the administration of Richard Nixon as to purposely create equal educational and employment opportunities. However, since its official establishment in 1969 and long before, affirmative action has increasingly become the subject of conflict and dispute in American culture. Though its intentions were noble, affirmative action has become a clouded issue surrounded by controversy. Even in 1969 affirmative action was nothing new, in 1954, when the Supreme Court ruled on Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas the African American community had legal restraints removed that had long kept them at a distinct disadvantage. Minorities had long been imposed to prejudice, especially from the greater white population. However the Brown decision failed to cease many white advantages and professional supremacies; â€Å"it merely allowed Blacks to enter the arena of competition,† (Greenberg 300).† The Brown decision only cracked the door of segregation of public facilities it did nothing to help minorities in the workplace. After the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964 minorities were no longer prohibited from the use of public facilities and job discrimination was no longer legally sanctioned. It became apparent that certain business traditions, such as seniority status and aptitude tests, prevented total equality in employme nt. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a major step in reducing de jure or law based discrimination but was unable to cease deep seeded de facto or actual discrimination in American society. The Civil Rights Act did not require employers to prove that any discriminatory policies were or were not used in the hiring of personnel, â€Å"Instead, the burden of proof was on the woman or minority group member who had been denied a particular job,† (Patterson 161). A...

Write a critically essay on Liberalists view of International

Write a critically on Liberalists view of International relations.Are these views of any relevance in modern day worldJustify your answer - Essay Example These theories can be divided into two. Positivist and the post positivist theories. The difference between these two theories lies in the fact that while positivist theories such as, realism, liberalism, and neo liberalism aim at explaining the simple question of why and how power is exercised in the international realm, the post positivist theories mainly focus on the question of what power really is, what it is, how it is reproduced and/or experienced. (Introduction to international relations, 2008) The liberalists are those in support of the liberal theory/school of thought in international relations. There are various types of liberalism; interdependence, institutional or even sociological and republican liberalism. (Jackson & Sorensen, 2007) The theory has its basis on the idealism theory of international relations. The theory came about soon after World War 1 and is associated with such people as Woodrow Wilson and Emmanuel Kant. The theory sought to explain he causes of World War One and how it could be avoided in future. According to Woodrow Wilson, war only served to destroy. Thus, if countries could avoid war the better for them. They would gain more from the international cooperation than they would from any war. (Introduction to international relations, 2008) Thus, the liberal school of thought operates on certain core assumptions. The first and most fundamental premise of the liberal school of thought is the argument that the relationship that states have with other actors, state and non state, in the international community to a great extent shapes their behavior by influencing their preferences. To the liberalists, how states behave in the international arena has more to do with their preferences rather than their capabilities. Consequently, depending on such internal factors in states such as culture, the economic system or even the type of government therein, the preferences are likely to be different from state to

Microbial Content of cooked meat kebab Lab Report

Microbial Content of cooked meat kebab - Lab Report Example However, because the meat is cooked on one surface only, there is an increased opportunity for pathogen outgrowth and microorganism multiplication (Vazgecer, Ulu and Oztan, 2004). There have been reported cases of food contamination and foodborne disease occurrences circumstantially connected to kebab consumptions which can lead to more complex outcomes (Angelillo, I.F., Viggiani, N.M.A., Rizzo, L. and Bianco, A., 2000. Food handlers and foodborne diseases: knowledge, attitudes, and reported behavior in Italy. Journal of Food Protection 63 3, pp. 381–385. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (35)Angelillo, Viggiani, Rizzo, and Bianco, 2000). Some human ailments may be caused by foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella serotypes, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus (Swaminathan and Feng, 1994). The changing epidemiology of foodborne diseases and the resurfacing of some microorganisms and pathogens are attributable to various conditions, such as everyday habits and routines of consumers, food handling and preparation, food manufacture and distribution, and understanding of food risks (Lacey, 1993; Roberts, 2000; Slutsker, Altekruse, and Swerdlow, 1998). This experiment will determine levels of aerobic microorganisms and identify probable pathogens in two kebab meat samples of chicken and lamb. Moreover, it will verify probabilities on disease transmission and assess kebab’s quality and safety for human consumption. 10 grams of the chicken sample was placed in a sterile stomacher bag with 90ml of buffered peptone water; homogenized with a blender; incubated for 24 hours. 1 ml of chicken sample was then suspended into 9ml of SCB and incubated for another 24 hours at 37 Â °C. 10 grams of the lamb sample was placed in a sterile stomacher bag with 90ml of Ringer solution; homogenized with a blender; diluted with 20uL of sample and 180ul of

Discusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discusion - Essay Example To illustrate this, when people get into a building they would clearly mark the entrances and the exits as a matter of instinct. Unfortunately, what they do not notice would be the fire exit points as they obviously assume that the common entrance or exit points may be the safest exits when a fire occurs. Individuals fear using the emergency exit points mainly due to the unfamiliarity to the route since they did not use them when accessing the building (Clarke, 2002). Secondly, uncertainty of the whether the route would lead to safety in that they may not be open is also another reason why these routes are not used during an emergency. Moreover, a trait that came out during these researches is the different reactions between men and women when confronted by a fire. For women, the most obvious thing that they would do would be to evacuate infants or the elderly, if any. Ironically, for their male counterparts trying to fight the fire would be their immediate response instead of scampering for safety. On the other hand, the reaction by toddlers would be very different to that of adults, as children tend to hide and await rescue by people who are older than they are (Clarke, 2002). Children perceive those older than them to be more able to lead them to safety as they have been around long enough to know what to do and when. Even when being led to safety, children would feel the need to carry with them something that they hold dear, like a toy or a doll, and then feel as if they also rescued something. These clearly depict the various reactions that different age and genders would have in the event of a fire. On the contrary, many tend to think that commotion would awake people when they are in deep sleep but the opposite would do, soothing and peaceful sound. Therefore, in the occurrence of a fire those sleeping would consider unnecessary noise to be a nuisance, ignoring the imminent danger present as

Organisational Structure and Corporate Strategy of Toyota

Organisational Structure and Corporate Strategy of Toyota There are many factors other than organizational structure that have a significant bearing upon the performance of an organization. However, organizational structure is a particularly important aspect as, if properly designed, it allows the other aspects e.g. strategic work, to function properly. For example, Alfred D Chandler (in Foss, 1997) argues that firm structure follows strategy. That is not to say that, if an organization is inappropriately designed, it will not perform adequately (Walker, 1996). ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES All organized human activity give rise to two basic and differing requirements: the distribution of labour into various tasks to be performed, and the coordination of these tasks to complete the activity. The structure of an organization can therefore be defined merely as the sum total of the ways in which its labour is divided into distinct tasks and how its coordination is achieved amongst these tasks (Mintzberg, 1983). To design an effective organizational structure the elements of structure, (the organizations niche, how large it grows, and the methods used to produce) should be selected to achieve an internal consistency, as well as a basic stability with the organizations context (its size, its age, the kind of environment in which it functions, technical systems used and so on) (Mintzberg, 1983).Coordinating an organization engages a range of means. These can be referred to as coordinating mechanisms and are equally concerned with control and communication as coordination. Fiv e coordinating mechanisms appear to explain the basic ways in which organizations coordinate their work: mutual adjustment, direct supervision, standardization of work processes, standardization of work outputs, and standardization of worker outputs. Mutual adjustments realize the coordination of work by the simple process of informal communication. Meaning, the control of the work rests in the hands of the doers. Direct supervision attain coordination by having one person in charge for the work of others, issuing them instructions and monitoring their actions. Work can also be coordinated without mutual adjustment or direct supervision, through standardization. Workers that constantly work in a certain way and know what is expected, proceed accordingly. Work processes are standardized when the contents of work are specified, or programmed. Outputs are standardized when the results of the work, for example, the dimensions of the product or the performance, are specified. Skills and knowledge are standardized when the kind of training required to perform the work is specified. As organizational work turns into more complicated activities, the preferred means of coordination seems to shift from mutual adjustment to direct supervision to standardization, preferably of work processes, otherwise of outputs, or else of skills, finally reverting back to mutual adjustment (Mintzberg, 1983). As is illustrated in the figure above, Mintzberg (1983) illustrates and describes an organization in five basic parts: Strategic apex, techno structure, middle line, support staff and operating core. The strategic apex mission is to ensure that the organization serve its mission in an effective way, and also that it serve the needs of those who control or otherwise have power over the organization (its owners, government agencies, and unions of the employees). This involves three sets of duties. First, direct supervision, which is already discussed. To the degree that the organization relies on this mechanism of coordination, it is the managers of the strategic apex who affect it. They allocate resources, issue work orders, authorize major decisions, resolve conflicts, design and staff the organization, monitor employee performance, and motivate and reward employees. The second obligation is the management of the organizations relations with its environment such as negotiating major agreements, ceremonial activities and informs the organizations external stakeholders about the organizations activities. The third set of duties relates to the development of the organizations strategy. Strategy could be seen as an intervening force between the organization and its environment Formulating strategy entail many aspects as will be discussed more in further chapters. However, the managers of the strategic apex should develop an understanding for its environment and try to adapt the strategy to its strengths and needs. Yet, the process of strategy is rather complex and is not as cut and dried as it seems. What should be said is that he strategic apex typically has the most important role in the strategy process. In general the strategic apex takes the widest and most abstract, perspective of the organization. Work at this level is normally characterized by a minimum of repetition and standardization, considerable prudence, and relatively long decision making cycles. Mutual adjustment is a favoured mechanism for coordination among managers of the strategic apex itself (Mintzberg, 1983). The strategic apex is united to the operating core by the chain of middle line managers with recognized authority. This chain runs from the senior managers to the first-line supervisors, who have direct authority over the operators, direct supervision. Like the top manager, the middle manager is required to do more than simply engage in direct supervision. He also has boundary conditions to manage. Each middle line manager must maintain liaison contacts with other managers, analysts, support staffers, and outsiders whose work is mutually dependent with that of his own unit. The middle line manager, like the top manager, is concerned with formulating the strategy for his unit, although this strategy is, of course, significantly affected by the overall strategy. But managerial jobs shift in nature as they fall in the chain of authority. They become less abstract and comprehensive and more focused on the work flow itself (Mintzberg, 1983). In the techno structure the analysts is found who serve the organization by affecting the work of others. The analysts are separated from the direct operative work flow but they may design it, plan it, change it, or train the people to do it, but they do not do it themselves consequently, the techno structure is only effective when it can use its analytical techniques to make the work of others in the organization more efficient. In a fully developed organization, the techno structure might perform at all levels of the hierarchy. At the lowest level of the manufacturing firm, analysts standardize the operating work flow by scheduling production, carrying out time and method studies of the operators work, and instituting systems of quality control. At middle levels they try to standardize the intellectual work of the organization. At the strategic apex, they design strategic planning systems and develop financial systems to control the goals of major units (Mintzberg, 1983). If one gl ance at almost any large organization, a large number of units is exposed, all specialized, and exist to provide support to the organization outside its operating workflow. Those make up the support staff. None is a part of the operating core. Nevertheless, each gives indirect support to these basic missions. CORPORATE STRATEGY The operating core of the organization encompasses those members that perform the basic work related directly to the production of products and services. The operators perform four prime functions: They secure the inputs for production, they transform the inputs into outputs, they distribute the outputs and they provide the direct support to the input, transformation, and output functions. The operating core is the heart of an organization, the part that produces the essential outputs that keeps it alive. Yet, all organizations need the administrative components described above as well (Mintzberg, 1983). Centralized- and decentralized organization The terms centralization and decentralization have historically been used in many different ways and with different definitions. This thesis discusses the issue of centralization and decentralization in terms of decision making power in organizations. When all power for decision making rests at a single point in the organization, eventually in the hands of one person, one shall call the structure centralized; to the degree that the power is dispersed among many people, one shall call the structure decentralized. As could be understood, centralization and decentralization should not be thought of as absolutes, but rather as two ends of a scale (Mintzberg, 1983). Mintzberg (1983) separates the two terms in vertical and horizontal centralization and decentralization. Vertical decentralization is concerned with the delegation of decision making power down the chain of authority, from the strategic apex into the middle line. Horizontal decentralization includes the transfer of power from managers to non-managers, more exactly from line managers to staff managers, analysts, support specialists, and operators. Strategy In the complex world of organizations it must be stated that there is no best way to generate strategy and strategic management, and nor is there any one best form of an organization (Mintzberg, Ghoshal and Quinn, 1998). The context in which the strategy is set is therefore of great interest. Strategy context and content has been discussed and considered of by mankind, since organizations exist to fulfil a purpose and to create value (Schilling, 2005, De Witt Meyer, 2005). Strategies are then employed to guarantee that the organizational purpose is realized (De Witt Meyer, 2005). In the generic literature a split is made between the strategy analysis stage, the strategy formulation stage, and the strategy implementation stage (Thompson Strickland, 2001; Mintzberg, Ghoshal and Quinn, 1998; De Witt Meyer, 2005). In the analysis stage, strategists recognize the opportunities and threats in the environment, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization. Next, in the formulation stage, strategists decide which strategic options that are obtainable to them, evaluate each and select one. Lastly, in the implementation stage, the selected strategic option is translated into a number of actual activities, which are then carried out (De Witt Meyer, 2005). Those di fferent stages will be discussed and explained further in the sections below. However, as the thesis focus on implementing strategies the analysis and formulating section  will not be as vast as the implementing section. TOYOTA Toyota management leads the way in many aspects of business strategy and strategic management and numerous companies have followed the lead of the Toyota business model. A key architect of the Toyota management style was Taiichi Ohno, who developed the Toyota Production System. Ohno summed up his theory behind the management of Toyota thus: I feel strongly that the word work refers to the production of perfect goods only. If a machine is not producing perfect goods, it is not working. On that philosophy the Toyota Production System was built, in which sensors halted machines when they started to malfunction. Those machines were operated by the workforce who could likewise halt the production line when imperfections occurred. The Production System adhered to the Toyota corporate strategy of cutting waste, listing specific advice such as: Cut down on the distance that things move throughout the plant. Another example of this advice, representative of Toyota strategic management and its attitude towards its workforce is: Utilise the inherent talent of your workers. Toyota business strategies include the development of hybrid cars. Part of Toyota strategic planning is developing a premium position in hybrids in tune with present consumer values. Seisei Kato of Toyota summed up a further example of the Toyota leadership model by saying: Never fail to reward merit, but never let a fault go unremarked. All the Japanese triumphs were personified by Toyota, including, of course, the worldwide drive to setting new standards of production engineering that left Detroit far behind. The foundation of the engineers breakthroughs was quality. Americans had seen the promise of a new philosophy of raising quality standards by systematic approaches. The pioneering hero, W. Edwards Deming, was credited with exporting these new ideas to Japan. They were just as valid for US use and would have won the same painless rewards. But Detroit didnt want to know a wilful ignorance repeated time and again in industry after industry. The Toyota Production System became the world standard, bringing fame to a simple engineer named Ohno whose pupils demonstrated their methods without any fear of successful imitation from the West. It was easier; it seemed, to write off the Japanese revolutions as products of a different culture which was inimical to Western ways. That was nonsense. The cultural advantage, put simply, lay in defining what needed to be done and working out better systems of doing it. That included rigorous methods for checking that the task was indeed better designed and done. At Toyota, the recalls of cars and vans to check on faulty brakes and accelerators represent a staggering failure of this basic philosophy. There must have been a breakdown in the mental conditioning at the Toyota factories, resulting in design and production faults that were as systemic as the traditional hit-or-miss performance of the Western rivals. Since these are beset by troubles enough of their own, such as GMs sorry bankruptcy, there is no room for self-congratulation. Toyotas fall isnt just a Japanese incident, but rather a sign that management in general is failing to deliver. If the management knew about the problems, did it fail to identify the root causes? If the causes had been identified correctly, was the reaction delayed while the company ignored the damage to its market status? If Toyota was capable of timely repair, why wasnt this put in hand? Remember the simple problem-solving rules: Identify the task that needs to be done. Work out systematically better ways of doing it. Employ rigorous methods for checking that the task is better designed and executed. The Toyota affair emphasises some basic points of management. First, any company, no matter how large and how famous for its merits, can stumble into grave error. Second, damaged pride and nervous fear make it difficult to correct the error in good time. Third, management decisions should normally never be taken on the basis of profit forecasts alone. RED CROSS Positioning We will make sure key people and groups know what we do and why and how they can help. By investing more in promoting our work, we will encourage beneficiaries, volunteers, the government, service commissioners, potential supporters, educators and the media to understand us, work with us or join us. We will also speak out more and advocate for change that will improve the lives of vulnerable people and promote our mission. Organisational development We will ensure those who use our services, and who support us in other ways, trust us and have confidence in how we work. We need to clearly demonstrate the difference we make to the lives of people vulnerable to crisis. It is important to us to be accountable to our beneficiaries, supporters and partners. Through doing this we will listen and learn from our beneficiaries, supporters and each other, and continually improve what we do. Funding the strategy We will maximise our net income as cost-effectively as possible. Every donation we receive strengthens our ability to respond to emergencies and help people prepare for and recover from crises. We will inspire more people to support our work by giving what they can, especially through regular donations, bequests, and the relationships we build with trusts and companies. Our charity shops will continue to provide a place for people to donate and shop on the high street and support our work at the same time. There are a variety of perspectives, models and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is developed depends on the nature of the organizations leadership, culture of the organization, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners, etc. For example, there are a variety of strategic planning models, including goals-based, issues-based, organic, scenario (some would assert that scenario planning is more of a technique than model), etc. Goals-based planning is probably the most common and starts with focus on the organizations mission (and vision and/or values), goals to work toward the mission, strategies to achieve the goals, and action planning (who will do what and by when). Issues-based strategic planning often starts by examining issues facing the organization, strategies to address those issues and action plans. Organic strategic planning might start by articulating the organizations vision and values, an d then action plans to achieve the vision while adhering to those values. Some planners prefer a particular approach to planning, e.g., appreciative inquiry. Some plans are scoped to one year, many to three years, and some to five to ten years into the future. Some plans include only top-level information and no action plans. Some plans are five to eight pages long, while others can be considerably longer. Quite often, an organizations strategic planners already know much of what will go into a strategic plan (this is true for business planning, too). However, development of the strategic plan greatly helps to clarify the organizations plans and ensure that key leaders are all on the same script. Far more important than the strategic plan document, is the strategic planning process itself. Major differences in how organizations carry out the various steps and associated activities in the strategic planning process are more of a matter of the size of the organization than its for-profit/non-profit status. Small nonprofits and small for-profits tend to conduct somewhat similar planning activities that are different from those conducted in large organizations. On the other hand, large nonprofits and large for-profits tend to conduct somewhat similar planning activities that are different from those conducted in small organizations. (The focus of the planning activities is often different between for-profits and nonprofits. Nonprofits tend to focus more on matters of board development, fundraising and volunteer management. For-profits tend to focus more on activities to maximize profit.) Also, in addition to the size of the organization, differences in how organizations carry out the planning activities are more of a matter of the nature of the participants in the organization than its for-profit/non-profit status. For example, detail-oriented people may prefer a linear, top-down, general-to-specific approach to planning. On the other hand, rather artistic and highly reflective people may favour of a highly divergent and organic approach to planning. CONCLUSION Corporate Strategy is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business to meet stakeholder expectations. This is a crucial level since it is heavily influenced by investors in the business and acts to guide strategic decision-making throughout the business. Corporate strategy is often stated explicitly in a mission statement. Operational Strategy is concerned with how each part of the business is organised to deliver the corporate and business-unit level strategic direction. Operational strategy therefore focuses on issues of resources, processes, people etc.

Pottery in the Contact Zone :: Essays Papers

Pottery in the Contact Zone It is nearly impossible to discuss Native American art without taking into consideration the effect that western culture has had on it. Native American art, in its purest sense, is something that no longer exists. In its place is an amalgamation of an art form that was once completely Native American and the values that western culture has placed on that art form. This cultural phenomenon is what Mary Louise Pratt has termed the â€Å"Contact Zone† which is used to refer to the â€Å"social spaces where cultures meet, clash and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power such as colonialism, slavery or other aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world.† (Pratt 34) What Pratt is referring to is the situation that is created when two completely distinct cultures, that operate on totally different levels, attempt to interact. Each culture brings with them certain values and traditions that the other may not e ntirely understand. This predicament often leads to confusion, misunderstandings or sometimes worse. The meeting of western and Indian cultures created exactly this â€Å"Contact Zone† situation that Pratt defines. The aftermaths of the situation have been both positive and negative and have simultaneously posed a threat to the art form while providing opportunities for the artists. Before contact with the western world, pottery making among the Hopi-Tewa Indians was a communal activity which served to strengthen social relations with tribal members not of the same family. Pottery thus objectified valued social relations where sharing with individuals not of one’s matrilineage was both important and necessary for households to functions. (McChesney, 13) As with most Native American tribes, the Hopi-Tewas strove to maintain a strong social network by dividing up the labor and working together to accomplish it. Immediately the differences can be seen between the social structure of American Indian cultures as compared to that of westerners’ which value individuality over community. With the introduction of the railroad to the areas of northern Arizona where the Hopi-Tewas lived, entered new social challenges that threatened the Native Americans’ lifestyles. In an attempt to operate in an American cash economy, many Native Americans began to make pottery to be sold in trading posts to collectors and tourists.

Continuing Differences Between US Essay

U. S. GAAP IFRS Convergence In January 2008, the U. S. SEC issued a final rule that adopted rules that allowed non U. S. -based issuers’ financial statements in accordance with the IRRS, as issued by IASB, without the need to reconcile with the U. S. GAAP (SEC, pp. 20, 2008). In its ruling, the SEC acknowledged that the convergence efforts between the IFRS and U. S. GAAP have made progress in eliminating many disparities. The SEC acknowledged that its prior complaints on lack of information or disclosure by foreign issuers on certain areas, and the manner of presentation of their financial statements have been resolved by the convergence efforts. The SEC, however, recognize that a number of difference still exist, with some accounting subjects that the IFRS has yet to fully address ( SEC, pp. 20, 1998). Continuing Differences Between US GAAP and IFRS According to the SEC, due to their sources, U. S. GAAP and IFRS will continue to have differences regardless of their convergence. The SEC said that these include (i) the effects of mergers, combinations and other legacy transactions that happened when the convergence was still initiated, and (ii) those arising as a result of accounting elections (for example, hedge accounting) that foreign issuers make under those standards (SEC, pp. 21, 2008). The International Accounting Standards Board in its 2005 report said that certain divergence issues has to be addressed in the long-term. These include (i) classification of debts on refinancing or default under credit agreements, (ii) differences in financial instruments’ accounting, (iii) post-employment benefits, and (iv) long-lived assets impairment and borrowing costs’ capitalization. AIFRS/Australian GAAP PricewaterhouseCoopers reviewed the the Australian equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (AIFRS) and gave recommendations to the Australian Accounting Standards Board. PwC pointed to divergences between Australian Standards (AIFRS) and IFRS: According to PWC, the implementation of AIRFS is expect to improve corporate governance and financial reporting in Australia. Ernst & Young Report Ernst & Young said the IRS differ significantly from those principles in use. Among other things, the IRS’ protocol on business combinations compel recognition of more intangible assets to be valued an recognized than practiced in local accounting rules. E&Y said that the IFRS will help companies improve their internal control as it requires more extensive reporting procedures, and will require greater transparency among firms as a common financial standard will be used. E&Y said in its report that the conversion to IFRS has a substantial impact on financial reporting which requires management and personnel to focus on improving strategy because: * financial statements’ presentation has been modified * measurement of assets and debts may result in increase in earnings and volatility in equity. * additional disclosures would be required. REFERENCES Final Rule: Acceptance From Foreign Private Issuers of Financial. January 9, 2008. Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www. sec. gov/rules/final/2007/33-8879. pdf International Convergence status. 15 June 2008. International Accounting Standards Board. http://72. 3. 243. 42/fasac/06-21-05_intl. pdf Padoa-Scioppa. 19 May 2006. Financial Times. retrieved 13 Aug. 2008. http://www. iasb. org/News/Announcements+and+Speeches/Work+on+converging+accounting+standards+must+go+on. htm PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 28 Jan. 2005. Submission to Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services. http://www. aph. gov. au/SENATE/committee/corporations_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/aas/submissions/sub22. pdf

Je tu il elle on vous - Singular French Subject Pronouns

Je tu il elle on vous - Singular French Subject Pronouns To replace a noun, French uses a word called â€Å"a pronoun†. You choose this pronoun according to both the grammatical value of the word it replaces and the meaning of the word it replaces. Anne est au marcheÃŒ . Elle est avec Mary.Anne is at the market. She is with Mary   To replace â€Å"Anne† in the second sentence, I used â€Å"elle† (she). â€Å"Elle† is a subject pronoun: it replaces a noun subject of the verb, and its a third person singular to match Anne which is a person about whom I am speaking, feminine, one person, so she. What is a Subject? The subject is the person or thing that does the action of the verb.   How do you Find the Subject of a Sentence in French? There is an easy way to find the subject of a sentence, and its important in French you learn this grammatical question in order to be able to find the subject of a verb without any doubt. First, find the verb. Then ask: â€Å"who verb† or â€Å"what verb†.  The answer to that question will be your subject. A subject is a noun (Camille, flower, room...) or a pronoun (I, you, they...). It can be a person, a thing, a place, an idea...   Examples:  I paint.Who paints?Answer: I paint. â€Å"I† is the subject. Camille is teaching French.Who is teaching?Answer:  Camille is teaching.â€Å"Camille† is the subject.   What is happening to Camille?What’s happening?Answer:  What is happening.â€Å"What† is the subject (This one was trickier, wasn’t it?)   French Subject Pronouns Replacing One Person In French, the list of singular subject pronouns is: Je (or j’ vowel or h, its called an elision) I  Ã‚   Tu (never t’) you singular informal   Il it, he - long â€Å"ee† sound​ Elle it, she - short clip â€Å"L† sound On - this one is more difficult to understand. It used to mean â€Å" one â€Å", but nowadays is used in casual French to say â€Å" we , instead of the now more formal/written form â€Å" nous â€Å". So although its listed as a singular pronoun, nowadays its mostly used to replace several people, so for a plural. See my lesson on on. Vous you, one person, formal. Note that vous is also the pronoun we use for you plural, when you say you to talk to more than one person (yous guys :-) Traditionally, vous is listed as a plural subject pronoun, although it can and does often refer to only one person. Its confusing, I know, so I wrote a whole lesson on tu versus vous. ​French Subject Pronouns Replacing Several People In French, the list of plural subject pronouns (replacing several people) is: Nous we - S is silent, but becomes Z when followed by a vowel or an h. (Nowadays, â€Å" nous â€Å" is used in a formal context and in writing mostly. In conversation, we tend to use â€Å"onâ€Å"). Vous you plural, both formal and informal - S is silent, but becomes Z vowel or an h. Ils they masculine or they masculine and feminine - S is silent, but becomes Z vowel or an h. Elles they feminine ONLY - S is silent, but becomes Z vowel or an h. ​Important : In Pronunciation Il ils / elle elles â€Å"Il† and ils have the same pronunciation, sort of an English eel, and â€Å"Elle† has the same pronunciation as its plural form â€Å"Elles† sort of an English   L sound . Do not pronounce the S to remember the spelling; it would mess up your pronunciation! Oh, and since Im talking about pronunciation, you will soon see that most verbs will take an silent ent to match with ils and elles - Im not explaining the whole French conjugation concept here yet, just planting a seed: this ent matching ils and elles will always be silent. Its not pronounced an, its not pronounced at all. Never in a verb. Its a very bad, but very common mistake French student make. No it Subject Pronoun in French There is no â€Å"it† form in French. Everything: objects, concepts, animals etc. are either masculine or  feminine in French, and are therefore referred to as â€Å"il† or â€Å"elle†. So dont think of il and elle as being only he and she, they also mean it. It will be weird at first, but you will get used to it, I promise.   What Do First, Second, Third Person Singular and Plural Mean? This concept is often baffling to student of French, but its a standard for grammatical jargon. Subject pronouns are often referred to as persons and this is how most grammar books will present a French verb conjugation : a table, with 3 lines, and two columns. As an example, I will take the verb chanter, to sing, in the present indicative tense. Singular Plural Je chante Nous chantons Tu chantes Vous chantez Il, elle, on chante Ils, elles chantent Je is often referred to as the first person singular or 1ps, tu as second person singular or 2ps... can you guess nous? 1st person plural. Which makes ils and elles both third person plural. This presentation is super confusing if you ask me since vous for example could replace BOTH a singular or a plural... But its very common to talk about verbs this way in French, and most French teachers are so accustom to it that they wont even understand that its weird...   French Subject Pronouns in Detail So now that you get an overview of the singular French subject pronouns, lets look at them individually. There is a lot to be said on each. Singular French Subject Pronouns Je Tu Il Elle (what about moi, me, mon...?) Plural French Subject Pronouns Nous, Vous, Ils, Elles (please dont say the s)The Misunderstood French Subject Pronoun on. Finally, before you can go ahead and start conjugating your French verbs, I will encourage you to learn more about Tu versus Vous - A French Dilemma.   I post exclusive mini lessons, tips, pictures and more daily on my Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest  pages - so join me there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchtoday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/

Falalalala - French Christmas Carol Lyrics

Falalalala - French Christmas Carol Lyrics Falalalala is the French version of Deck the Halls. They are sung to the same tune, but the lyrics are quite different. The translation given here is the literal translation of the French Christmas carol. Que lon chante quon sapprà ªteFa la la la la, la la la laSonnez pipeaux et trompettesFa la la la la, la la la laCar cest la joie quon apporteFa la la, la la la, la la laOuvrez donc grandes vos portesFa la la la la, la la la la.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let us sing let us get readyFa la la la la, la la la laRing pipes and trumpetsFa la la la la, la la la laSince its joy that we bringFa la la, la la la, la la laOpen your doors wideFa la la la la, la la la la Dans les villes et les villagesFa la la la la, la la la laRà ©pandons notre messageFa la la la la, la la la laProclamons la joie profondeFa la la, la la la, la la laQue Dieu a donnà © au mondeFa la la la la, la la la la   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In cities and townsFa la la la la, la la la laLet us spread our messageFa la la la la, la la la laLet us proclaim the profound joyFa la la, la la la, la la laThat God has given the worldFa la la la la, la la la la Voici les cloches qui sonnentFa la la la la, la la la laQue le nouvel an nous donneFa la la la la, la la la laUn coeur rempli de tendresseFa la la, la la la, la la laCest la plus belle richesseFa la la la la, la la la la   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here are the clocks chimingFa la la la la, la la la laMay the new year give usFa la la la la, la la la laA heart full of tendernessFa la la, la la la, la la laIts the most beautiful wealthFa la la la la, la la la la

Gun ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gun ownership - Essay Example All these cases show how easy it is for people to own guns, irrespective of how their mental condition is. It essentially needs to be understood here that people who are often involved in such situations are victims of depression which further advocates the fact that prior allowing a person to own a gun, a proper medical and history check needs to be carried out of the concerned applicant. Such cases have led to mass scale antigovernment movements, in a bid to convince the government to take measures limit gun ownership. On the contrary, gun owners and gun ownership associations have defended their positions and lobbied in the parliament to make sure no such measures are taken which would restrict gun ownership (Legault 2008). The best solution to this problem would be to carry out through history and medical checks before issuing gun ownership permissions to applicants. Moreover, licenses should be issued for specific purpose rather than being all-purpose, thereby making sure inappropriate usage of guns is cut

Globalization and the maritime world in the twentieth century Essay

Globalization and the maritime world in the twentieth century - Essay Example Marc indicates that cargo ships were the major systems of transport and were used load and offload goods (166). The goods in this context had different destinations throughout the world. This concept simply explains that globalization was taking place as the goods were sent to different places. The world was soon becoming smaller thanks to the development in the maritime industry. Marc explains that the shipping lines ordered for larger ships that would be used transport the aluminum boxes that were the standard containers (202-21). Additionally, the development of the maritime industry saw the modernization of port cities to accommodate the larger ships (Marc 191-201). The author also argues that in the 1980s computers ventured in as well, that led to a containerized system (Marc 125). A closer analysis of this fact would be said to have shaped the global economy through innovations in the maritime industry. Miller backs the work of Marc by arguing that globalization is historical and can be rooted to the reality of shipping and trading. The maritime world, in his thought, was the major reason behind the global interconnectedness (Miller 11). In the twentieth century, for example, there were a lot of Eurocentric exchanges in the sea. There was the existence of a global maritime system where European ports were constructed, shipping lines as well as partial networks (Miller 12). This commercial maritime world played a huge role in shipping the present day world of business. The Europeans were the principal operators of the global trading and transport systems up to the 1960s. Just like Marc, Miller would argue that there is a great link between containerization, trade, de-colonization and economic growth thanks to the maritime industry and its developments. Through the works, the close correlation between the maritime world in the 20th century and globalization is evident. The process of globalization clearly went through progressions that saw the